Japanese castles are beloved by both domestic and international visitors for their impressive architecture and rich historical background. These castles were not built solely for defense—they also served as symbols of political power, cultural development, and authority. While many castles have been rebuilt over time, they are now preserved as important parts of Japan’s cultural heritage.
The Origins and Purpose of Japanese Castles
Most Japanese castles were constructed during the Warring States period (15th to 17th century). Initially built by feudal lords (samurai) to protect their territories, castles gradually came to symbolize power and authority. In addition to defense, they functioned as political and administrative centers and were often showcases of cultural refinement.
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Purpose: Castles served as fortresses, administrative hubs, and symbols of the ruling lord’s power. Inside, there were living quarters, strategic planning rooms, and areas for cultural activities.
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Number: It is believed that over 1,000 castles once stood across Japan. Today, only around 100 remain in some form, with many more having been lost or reduced to ruins.
Top 5 Famous Castles in Japan
While there are many beautiful castles across Japan, here are five of the most iconic:
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Himeji Castle (Hyogo Prefecture) – A UNESCO World Heritage Site also known as the "White Heron Castle," it is the oldest surviving wooden castle in Japan and renowned for its majestic appearance.
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Matsumoto Castle (Nagano Prefecture) – Designated as a National Treasure, its striking black exterior and mountainous backdrop make it especially picturesque.
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Osaka Castle (Osaka Prefecture) – Built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, this grand castle is known for its extensive grounds, moats, and towers.
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Nagoya Castle (Aichi Prefecture) – Famous for its golden "shachihoko" ornaments, Nagoya Castle is a historical landmark with ties to Japan’s feudal era.
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Kumamoto Castle (Kumamoto Prefecture) – Known for its robust structure and elegant design, it’s one of the most important castles in Kyushu.
Types of Japanese Castles
Japanese castles can be broadly divided into two categories: those with original castle towers (tenshu) from the feudal era, and those that have been reconstructed. Reconstructed castles may be built from traditional wood or modern concrete.
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Original Castles (with historic keeps)
These castles still retain their original main towers from the Edo period or earlier, making them invaluable historical sites.
- Himeji Castle (Hyogo)
- Matsumoto Castle (Nagano)
- Inuyama Castle (Aichi)
- Hikone Castle (Shiga)
- Matsue Castle (Shimane)
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Reconstructed Castles
These castles were rebuilt after being destroyed by fire, war, or natural disasters. Many now function as museums and cultural attractions.
- Osaka Castle (Osaka / concrete reconstruction)
- Nagoya Castle (Aichi / currently being rebuilt in wood)
- Kumamoto Castle (Kumamoto / under post-earthquake restoration)
- Odawara Castle (Kanagawa / concrete reconstruction)
- Hiroshima Castle (Hiroshima / concrete reconstruction)
A Castle in Kyoto: Introducing Nijo Castle
Kyoto is home to many historical structures, and among them, Nijo Castle stands out as one of the most significant.
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What is Nijo Castle?
Nijo Castle was built in the early 17th century under the order of Tokugawa Ieyasu and served as the Kyoto residence of the Tokugawa shogunate. It is famous for its beautifully decorated interiors and elegant gardens. -
Location: Nijo Castle is located in central Kyoto. The nearest subway stations are "Nijojo-mae Station" or "Shiyakusho-mae Station," both within walking distance.
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Admission Fee: Admission ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 yen for adults. Please check the official website for the latest pricing and visitor information.
Conclusion
Japanese castles were much more than military structures—they were centers of governance and culture, and powerful symbols of authority. Visiting these stunning fortresses offers a direct connection to Japan’s rich history and traditions.
In particular, Kyoto’s Nijo Castle impresses visitors with its elegant design and fascinating background. If you’re planning a trip to Kyoto, be sure to add Nijo Castle to your itinerary and experience the legacy of Japan’s samurai era.
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